Trio of Petit Institute labs link tendon overuse injury to degenerative changes in shoulder cartilage
Johnna Temenoff is only jesting a little when she describes her lab’s recent collaboration with two other labs at the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience.
“This was very much, pardon the pun, a joint effort,” Temenoff says about the research, which demonstrates for the first time the degenerative effects of tendon overuse (tendinopathy) on surrounding tissues in the shoulder joint.
The Temenoff team worked with the labs of Manu Platt and Robert Guldberg, resulting in a research article recently published in the Journal of Orthopaedic Research, entitled “Supraspinatus Tendon Overuse Results in Degenerative Changes to Tendon Insertion Region and Adjacent Humeral Cartilage in a Rat Model.”
It’s a partnership that could lead, down the road, to new therapeutics and preventive medicine for people with shoulder injuries – “athletes, or quite honestly, anyone, particularly people who do a lot of overhead reaching lifting,” says Temenoff, professor in the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and co-director of the center for Regenerative Engineering and Medicine (a partnership with Emory University and the University of Georgia).
“We wanted to understand how tissues degenerate, particularly the superspinatussupraspinatus, one of the major rotator cuff tendons,” Temenoff adds. “So we paired with Dr. Platt’s lab to better understand and characterize the enzymes that were present at various stages.”
In previous work, Temenoff and her research partners analyzed torn rotator cuff (supraspinatus) tendon tissue that had been damaged from overuse for the presence of proteases (an enzyme that breaks down proteins and peptides), and also examined structural damage changes in rats, where the tendon meets the bone. They saw more degeneration in the area close to the bone and cartilage, rather than where the tendon enters into muscle tissue.
“Our work has really been trying to demonstrate how members of this class of enzymes are involved in more tissue destructive diseases than are being investigated,” says Platt, associate professor in the Coulter Department.
“There have also been major pushes by pharmaceutical companies to develop inhibitors to block these enzyme’s activities,” he adds. “They keep failing in clinical trials due to side effects, not efficacy, indicating their importance in the disease progression, but also in many regulatory functions that still need to be understood.”
In the most recent study, the researchers wanted to focus just on the area of the humeral head – where the tendon inserts into the bone and the articular cartilage that covers the head. What they found confirmed some suspicions, showing degeneration in multiple tissues adjacent to the humeral head – in both tendon and cartilage – as a result of an overuse protocol.
“Indeed, we found damage in both places,” Temenoff says. “Now we have a better idea of the enzyme activity in the tendon over time. Going forward, we have a better of understanding of what enzymes to target and what tissues might need to be targeted for some effective therapies.”
This is the first confirmation showing that overuse injury in the shoulder tendon could damage the adjacent cartilage.
The Guldberg lab employed its expertise in micro computed tomography (microCT) to assess the damage to the articular cartilage, “and it showed that tendon overuse resulted in significant changes in the joint surface, consistent with the early stages of osteoarthritis,” says Guldberg, executive director of the Petit Institute and professor in the Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering.
The research, funded by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), offers a new, broader view of rotator cuff disease.
“We and others are starting to think of it as a disease of the entire joint rather than just the tendons,” Temenoff says. “The aim is to prevent further damage. Of course, over the longer term we’d also love to be able to regenerate what’s been lost.”
The findings suggest a necessity to treat both the tendon and nearby cartilage to slow or reverse tissue damage during overuse injuries.
“It’s important to let clinicans know that they should monitor this because they may have patients that might be putting themselves at risk for a total shoulder replacement,” Temenoff says.
Lead author of the paper is Akia Parks, a biomedical engineering graduate student who is based in the Platt lab. In addition to Guldberg, Platt, and Temenoff, her co-authors include Jennifer McFaline-Figueroa (research technician in the Temenoff lab), and BME undergrads Anne Coogan and Emma Poe-Yamagata.
Parks, whose studies are supported by the NIH’s Cellular and Tissue Engineering (CTEng) grant, served as a critical human link, straddling different research areas and exemplifying the multidisciplinary approach that is emblematic of the Petit Institute.
“Akia has been a great bridge between the Platt and Temenoff labs by interfacing with the enzymology/biochemistry from our lab with the tendon structure, remodeling, and mechanical engineering insights of the Temenoff lab,” says Platt. “She is a great example of the education and preparation these scholars receive to communicate across a number of disciplines.”
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Release Date: Thursday, February 9, 2017